Bibliografia

Le schede per la gestione delle infezioni negli adulti e i materiali aggiuntivi sono stati prodotti consultando sistematicamente il manuale WHO AWaRe Book della Organizzazione mondiale della sanità (OMS) e il suo adattamento in italiano curato dall' Agenzia italiana del farmaco (AIFA).

Ciascuna scheda fa riferimento a fonti bibliografiche specifiche, ordinate per singola infezione.

Fonti bibliografiche generali

• WHO. The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) Antibiotic Book. World Health Organization, 2022.
• AIFA. Manuale antibiotici AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve). Edizione italiana del “The WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Book”. Gennaio 2023

Fonti bibliografiche specifiche

Schede per le infezioni

BPCO (broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva)

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2024 Report. Bethesda: GOLD.
• Oh YM. Definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation: The Essentials of the Rome Proposal. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2023; 86:61-62.

Bronchite

• Killeen BM, Wolfson AB. Antibiotics for Acute Bronchitis. Am Fam Physician. 2020; 102: Online.
• Smith MP, Lown M, Singh S, Ireland B, Hill AT, Linder JA, Irwin RS; CHEST Expert Cough Panel. Acute Cough Due to Acute Bronchitis in Immunocompetent Adult Outpatients: CHEST Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020 Smith SM, Fahey T, Smucny J, Becker LA. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 6:CD000245.

Cistite nella donna

• Bonkat (Chair), R. Bartoletti, F. Bruyère, T. Cai, S.E. Geerlings, B. Köves, J. Kranz, S. Schubert, A. Pilatz, R. Veeratterapillay, F. Wagenlehner Guidelines Associates: K. Bausch, W. Devlies, J. Horváth, L. Leitner, G. Mantica, T. Mezei Guidelines Office: E.J. Smith, H. Ali. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections. European Association of Urology 2024.

Erisepela e cellulite

• Corcione S, De Rosa FG. The optimal duration of treatment for skin and soft tissue infections and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018;31(2):155–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000440

Gastroenterite

• The treatment of diarrhoea. A manual for physicians and other senior health workers. Fourth revision. Geneva World Health Organization; 2005
• Fletcher SM, McLaws ML, Ellis JT. Prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogens in developed and developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health Res. 2013;2(1):42–53.

Faringotonsillite

• ESCMID Sore Throat Guideline Group; Pelucchi C, Grigoryan L, Galeone C, Esposito S, Huovinen P, Little P, Verheij T. Guideline for the management of acute sore throat. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18 Suppl 1:1-28.
• Little P, Hobbs FD, Moore M, Mant D, Williamson I, McNulty C, Cheng YE, Leydon G, McManus R, Kelly J, Barnett J, Glasziou P, Mullee M; PRISM investigators. Clinical score and rapid antigen detection test to guide antibiotic use for sore throats: randomised controlled trial of PRISM (primary care streptococcal management). BMJ. 2013; 347:f5806.
• Seeley A, Fanshawe T, Voysey M, Hay A, Moore M, Hayward G. Diagnostic accuracy of Fever-PAIN and Centor criteria for bacterial throat infection in adults with sore throat: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BJGP Open. 2021;5(6):BJGPO.2021.0122.
• Sore throat (acute): antimicrobial prescribing; NICE guideline [NG84]. 2018.

Infezioni delle basse vie urinarie nell’uomo

• Bonkat (Chair), R. Bartoletti, F. Bruyère, T. Cai, S.E. Geerlings, B. Köves, J. Kranz, S. Schubert, A. Pilatz, R. Veeratterapillay, F. Wagenlehner Guidelines Associates: K. Bausch, W. Devlies, J. Horváth, L. Leitner, G. Mantica, T. Mezei Guidelines Office: E.J. Smith, H. Ali. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections. European Association of Urology 2024.

Infezioni dentali

• Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, Caselli S, Doenst T, Ederhy S, Erba PA, Foldager D, Fosbøl EL, Kovac J, Mestres CA, Miller OI, Miro JM, Pazdernik M, Pizzi MN, Quintana E, Rasmussen TB, Ristić AD, Rodés-Cabau J, Sionis A, Zühlke LJ, Borger MA; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2023; 44: 3948-4042.

Otite media acuta

• Cushen R, Francis NA. Antibiotic use and serious complications following acute otitis media and acute sinusitis: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Gen Pract. 2020;70:e255-e263.
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Otitis media (acute): antimicrobial prescribing, 2022.
• Rabaud C, Birge J. Le référentiel antibioville : une aide a la prescription antibiotique. v9 ; 2018.

Polmonite comunitaria

• Akram AR, Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Rutherford J, Singanayagam A, Hill AT. An evaluation of clinical stability criteria to predict hospital course in community-acquired pneumonia. 2013;19:1174-80.
• Bender MT, Niederman MS. Principles of Antibiotic Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;3):905-912.
• Di Pasquale MF, Sotgiu G, Gramegna A, Radovanovic D, Terraneo S, Reyes LF, Rupp J, González Del Castillo J, Blasi F, Aliberti S, Restrepo MI; GLIMP Investigators. Prevalence and Etiology of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:1482-1493.
• Dwyer R, Hedlund J, Henriques-Normark B, Kalin M. Improvement of CRB-65 as a prognostic tool in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2014;1:e000038.
• Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, Kapoor WN. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336: 243-50.
• Furukawa Y et al. Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and duration-effect meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e061023.
• Gil R, Webb BJ. Strategies for prediction of drug-resistant pathogens and empiric antibiotic selection in community-acquired pneumonia. 2020;26:249-259.
• Giuliano S, Acquasanta A, Martini L, Sbrana F, Flammini S, Tascini C. Cefditoren: a clinical overview. New Microbiol. 2023;46:9-17.
• Kolditz M, Ewig S, Schütte H, Suttorp N, Welte T, Rohde G; CAPNETZ study group. Assessment of oxygenation and comorbidities improbe out come prediction in patients with community-acquired pneumonia with a low CRB-65 score. J Intern Med. 2015;278:193-202.
• Madaras-Kelly KJ, Remington RE, Fan VS, Sloan KL. Predicting antibiotic resistance to community-acquired pneumonia antibiotics in culture-positive patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia. J Hosp Med. 2012;7:195-202.
• Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: an official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 200:e45–e67.
• Rothberg MB, Haessler S, Deshpande A, Yu PC, Lindenauer PK, Zilberberg MD, Higgins TL, Imrey PB. Derivation and validation of a risk assessment model for drug-resistant pathogens in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023;4):1143-1150.
• Serwecińska L. Antimicrobials and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Risk to the Environment and to Public Health. Water. 2020; 12:3313.
• Zhou Z, Shuai X, Lin Z, Yu X, Ba X, Holmes MA, Xiao Y, Gu B, Chen H. Association between particulate matter (PM)2·5 air pollution and clinical antibiotic resistance: a global analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2023; 7:e649-e659.

Sinusite

• Cushen R, Francis NA. Antibiotic use and serious complications following acute otitis media and acute sinusitis: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Gen Pract. 2020;7):e255-e263.
• Gagliotti C et al. Sorveglianza dell'antibioticoresistenza e uso di antibiotici sistemici in Emilia-Romagna. Rapporto 2022.
• Lemiengre MB, van Driel ML, Merenstein D, Liira H, Mäkelä M, De Sutter AI. Antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;9:CD006089.
• Rabaud C, Birge J. Le référentiel antibioville : une aide a la prescription antibiotique. v9 ; 2018.
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sinusitis (acute): antimictobial prescribing. 2017.
• Rosenfeld RM. CLINICAL PRACTICE. Acute Sinusitis in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:962-70.

Materiali aggiuntivi

Quando non è necessario prescrivere antibiotici

• Bassetti S, Tschudin-Sutter S, Egli A, Osthoff M. Optimizing antibiotic therapies to reduce the risk of bacterial resistance. Eur J Intern Med. 2022; 99:7-12.
• Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, Caselli S, Doenst T, Ederhy S, Erba PA, Foldager D, Fosbøl EL, Kovac J, Mestres CA, Miller OI, Miro JM, Paz-dernik M, Pizzi MN, Quintana E, Rasmussen TB, Ristić AD, Rodés-Cabau J, Sionis A, Zühlke LJ, Borger MA; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2023; 44:3948-4042.
• Llewelyn MJ, Fitzpatrick JM, Darwin E, SarahTonkin-Crine, Gorton C, Paul J, Peto TEA, Yardley L, Hopkins S, Walker AS. The antibiotic course has had its day. BMJ. 2017; 358:j3418.
• Spellberg B. The New Antibiotic Mantra-"Shorter Is Better". JAMA Intern Med. 2016; 176:1254-5.

Score NEWS-2

• Royal College of Physicians: National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2 - Standardising the assessment of acute illness severity in the NHS. London: RCP, 2017.