Bibliografia

Le schede per la gestione delle infezioni nei bambini e i materiali aggiuntivi sono stati prodotti consultando sistematicamente il manuale WHO AWaRe Book della Organizzazione mondiale della sanità (OMS) e il suo adattamento in italiano curato dall' Agenzia italiana del farmaco (AIFA).

Ciascuna scheda fa inoltre riferimento a fonti bibliografiche specifiche ordinate per singola infezione.

Fonti bibliografiche generali

• WHO. The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) Antibiotic Book. World Health Organization, 2022.
• Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco. Manuale antibiotici AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve). Edizione italiana del “The WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Book”. Gennaio 2023

Fonti bibliografiche specifiche

Schede per le infezioni

Faringotonsillite

• Di Mario S, Gagliotti C, Moro ML. Faringotonsillite in età pediatrica. Dossier 253/2015. Bologna, 2015.
• Iacono A, Mambelli L, De Nardi L, Marchetti F. Faringotonsillite da streptococco, tempi di risposta all’antibiotico e implicazioni per la pratica corrente Medico e Bambino 2023;42: 363-367.
• Longo G. Tamponi rapidi per la diagnosi di tonsillite da SBEA: il se e il quando. Medico e Bambino 2024; 43:58.
• Chiappini E, Simeone G, Bergamini M, Pellegrino R, Guarino A, Staiano A, Esposito S, Gattinara GC, Lo Vecchio A, Stefani S, Iacono ID, Scotese I, Tezza G, Dinardo G, Riccio S, Pellizzari S, Iavarone S, Lorenzetti G, Venturini E, Donà D, Pierantoni L, Doria M, Garazzino S, Midulla F, Cricelli C, Terracciano L, Capuano A, Bruzzese E, Ghiglioni D, Fusani L, Fusco E, Biasci P, Reggiani L, Matera L, Mancino E, Barbieri E, D'Avino A, Cursi L, Sullo MG, Scotti S, Marseglia GL, Di Mauro G, Principi N, Galli L, Verga MC. Treatment of acute pharyngitis in children: an Italian intersociety consensus (SIPPS-SIP-SITIP-FIMP-SIAIP-SIMRI-FIMMG). Ital J Pediatr. 2024 Nov 6;50(1):235.
• The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. Sore throat. Clinical practice guidelines. https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/sore_throat/. Ultimo aggiornamento ottobre 2024
• Sore throat (acute): antimicrobial prescribing NICE guideline [NG84]. Pubblicato: 26 gennaio 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng84/chapter/recommendations

Impetigine, erisipela e cellulite

• Galli L, Venturini E, Bassi A, Gattinara GC, Chiappini E, Defilippi C, Diociaiuti A, Esposito S, Garazzino S, Giannattasio A, Krzysztofiak A, Latorre S, Lo Vecchio A, Marchisio P, Montagnani C, Nicolini G, Novelli A, Rossolini GM, Tersigni C, Villani A, El Hachem M, Neri I; Italian Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society; Italian Pediatric Dermatology Society. Common Community-acquired Bacterial Skin and Soft-tissue Infections in Children: an Intersociety Consensus on Impetigo, Abscess, and Cellulitis Treatment. Clin Ther. 2019; 41:532-551.e17.
• The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. Cellulitis and other bacterial skin infections. Clinical practice guidelines. https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/cellulitis_and_skin_infections/

Infezioni vie urinarie

• Autore G, Bernardi L, La Scola C, Ghidini F, Marchetti F, Pasini A, Pierantoni L, Castellini C, Gatti C, Malaventura C, Pelusi G, Antodaro F, Bergomi A, Mazzini F, Parente G, Pillon R, Cusenza F, Biasucci G, De Fanti A, Iughetti L, Perrone S, Pession A, Lima M, Esposito S, The Uti-Ped-Er Study Group. Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections: A Delphi Study. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11:1122.
• Ammenti A, Alberici I, Brugnara M, Chimenz R, Guarino S, La Manna A, La Scola C, Maringhini S, Marra G, Materassi M, Morello W, Nicolini G, Pennesi M, Pisanello L, Pugliese F, Scozzola F, Sica F, Toffolo A, Montini G; Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology. Updated Italian recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of the first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. Acta Paediatr. 2020; 109: 236-247.
• Gruppo di lavoro sulle infezioni delle vie urinarie della società italiana di nefrologia pediatrica (SINePe)*. La prima infezione urinaria febbrile in bambini di età compresa tra 2 mesi e 3 anni. Compendio delle raccomandazioni per la diagnosi, il trattamento e il follow-up. Medico e Bambino 2020; 39:495-504
• Mattoo TK, Shaikh N, Nelson CP. Contemporary Management of Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Pediatrics. 2021; 147:e2020012138.
• Montini G, Tessitore A, Console K, Ronfani L, Barbi E, Pennesi M; STOP Trial Group. Short Oral Antibiotic Therapy for Pediatric Febrile Urinary Tract Infections: A Randomized Trial. 2024; 153:e2023062598.
• Morello W, La Scola C, Alberici I, Montini G. Acute pyelonephritis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016; 31:1253-65.
• Zaoutis T, Shaikh N, Fisher BT, Coffin SE, Bhatnagar S, Downes KJ, Gerber JS, Shope TR, Martin JM, Muniz GB, Green M, Nagg JP, Myers SR, Mistry RD, O'Connor S, Faig W, Black S, Rowley E, Liston K, Hoberman A. Short-Course Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections in Children: The SCOUT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2023; 177:782-789.

Otite media acuta

• Di Mario S, Gagliotti C, Moro ML. Otite media acuta in età pediatrica. Dossier 254/2015. Bologna, 2015.
• Le Saux N, Robinson JL; Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee. Management of acute otitis media in children six months of age and older. Paediatr Child Health. 2016 Jan-Feb;21(1):39-50.
• Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, Ganiats TG, Hoberman A, Jackson MA, Joffe MD, Miller DT, Rosenfeld RM, Sevilla XD, Schwartz RH, Thomas PA, Tunkel DE. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013 Mar;131(3):e964-99.
• Castelli Gattinara G, Bergamini M, Simeone G, Reggiani L, Doria M, Ghiglioni DG, Terminiello A, Cosentino F, Cursi L, Donà D, Chiappini E, Galli L, Lo Vecchio A, Guarino A, Villani A, Di Mauro G, Principi N, Esposito SMR, Verga MC. Antibiotic treatment of acute and recurrent otitis media in children: an Italian intersociety Consensus. Ital J Pediatr. 2025 Feb 20;51(1):50.
• The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. Acute otitis media. Clinical practice guidelines. https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/acute_otitis_media/

Polmonite comunitaria

• Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, Alverson B, Carter ER, Harrison C, Kaplan SL, Mace SE, McCracken GH Jr, Moore MR, St Peter SD, Stockwell JA, Swanson JT; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 53:e25-76.
• Ebeledike C, Ahmad T. Pediatric Pneumonia. 2023 Jan 16. In: Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2025.
• Harris M, Clark J, Coote N, Fletcher P, Harnden A, McKean M, Thomson A; British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011. Thorax. 2011;66 Suppl 2:ii1-23.
• Lipsett SC, Hirsch AW, Bachur RG, Neuman MI. Interpretation of Antibiotic Trials in Pediatric Pneumonia. JAMA Netw Open. 2024; 7:e2354470.

Materiali aggiuntivi

Allergia e false etichette

• Arnold A, Coventry LL, Foster MJ, Trevenen M, McKinnon EJ, MacLindon S, Goff ZH, Blyth CC, Lucas M. Impact of parent-reported antibiotic allergies on paediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2025; S2213-2198: 00048-0.
• Badina L, Marchetti F, Fontijn S, Berti I. Allergia agli antibiotici beta-lattamici: i miti da sfatare e le azioni pratiche da adottare Medico e Bambino 2024; 43:155-161.
• Blumenthal KG, Smith LR, Mann JTS, Salciccioli I, Accarino JJO, Shah RJ, Alvi FI, Cardoso-Fernandes A, Ferreira-da-Silva R, Schunemann HJ, Sousa-Pinto B. Reaction Risk to Direct Penicillin Challenges: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2024; 184:1374-1383.
• Chow TG, McDanel DL, Turner NA, Copaescu AM. Nonallergist Delabeling-Should Penicillin Allergy Delabeling Only Be Performed by Allergists? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024; S2213-2198:01268-6.
• Devchand M, Trubiano JA. Penicillin allergy: a practical approach to assessment and prescribing. Aust Prescr. 2019; 42:192-199.
• Fender AW, Thompson JL, Thompson LA. What Parents Need to Know About Penicillin Allergy Labels. JAMA Pediatr. 2024; 178:322. 
• Gonzalez-Estrada A, Radojicic C. Penicillin allergy: a practical guide for clinicians. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015; 82:295-300.
• Roberts H, Soller L, Ng K, Chan ES, Roberts A, Kang K, Hildebrand KJ, Wong T. First pediatric electronic algorithm to stratify risk of penicillin allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2020; 16:103.
• Saravanabavan S, McKernan P, Cameron S, Kwan N, Kang KT, Roberts A, Carr R, Mak R, Elwood C, Paquette V, Stimpson R, Abrahams B, Chan ES, Slayter K, Rahier A, Sainchuk I, Olsen S, Kucey M, Shamseddine J, Babiker ZOE, Wong T. Developing and disseminating an electronic penicillin allergy de-labelling tool using the model for improvement framework. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2024; 20:73.
• Shenoy ES, Macy E, Rowe T, Blumenthal KG. Evaluation and Management of Penicillin Allergy: A Review. 2019; 321:188-199.
• Su C, et al. Evaluating the PEN-FAST Clinical Decision-making Tool to Enhance Penicillin Allergy Delabeling. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 Aug 1;183(8):883-885.
• Tipton C, Marikar D. Guideline review: BSACI guideline for the set-up of penicillin allergy delabelling services by non-allergists working in a hospital setting. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2024: edpract-2023-326643.
• Turner P. Time to take it 'out' side: delabelling allergy to penicillin and other beta-lactams in children and young people. Arch Dis Child. 2024; 110:4-5.